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Research session 10 · Voynich Manuscript

The layout layer; literature and question audit

The line-edge spellings learned as 46 rules on half E, registered, and tested on half C: 42 replicate, and normalising them removes two thirds of the line effect. Entropy, word order and the absence of repeated phrases survive with the layer removed; form-function coupling is weaker on half C and partly layout. A literature audit added 214 checked works and corrected four bad citations; eleven questions and thirteen next steps were added.

Session 1028 Oct 2026Test12 runs8 evidence

What movedNo question changed standing

No evidence yetunchanged
Does vocabulary follow subject?
raised this session
No evidence yetunchanged
Most likelyunchanged
6 more questions touched, none changed standing
Is it a natural language?
+3 evidence, 2 for, 1 against1 answer proposed
Most likely
No evidence yet
What did the line and page add?
+8 evidence, 5 for, 2 against, 1 neutral3 answers proposed
Most likely
Most likely
What kind of text is it?
+6 evidence, 2 for, 4 against2 answers proposed
Most likely
Why do spellings change at the end of a line?
+4 evidence, 3 for, 1 neutral1 answer proposed
Most likely

What's next3 steps set

Open
Why the line-edge layer: compare real scribes' line edges
Kept on this session, not tied to a questionSet this session
Open
The Naibbe cipher in the generator competition
Kept on this session, not tied to a questionSet this session
Open
ACH sensitivity until a second rater
Kept on this session, not tied to a questionSet this session

Next steps live on their questions, where anyone can take one up.

New questions 3

What was done

Date: 2026-10-28

  • Layout layer (N-001). inductive/layout_layer.py screens minimal line-edge alternations on half E: one glyph written or dropped at the start of a line or paragraph, one glyph in place of an ending at the end of a line. Kept at three times the inside share, 15 stems, z ≥ 5: 46 rules. Paragraph start p-, t-, k-, f-; line start s-, y-, d-, t-, o-, p-; line end -m for -r, -l, -in, -iin, -n, -ir, -dy, -y, -g for -r, -l, -d for -r. Controls: plain Latin in the same lines gives no rules; Latin with three planted rules gives all three back, restores 75 % of planted words exactly and rewrites 0.01 % of the rest.
  • Registered before half C was read (out/prereg_S007.yaml, SHA-256 d7bfd7d8…): H-G-LINEEDGE, H-G-LAYOUT-ROBUST, H-G-LAYOUT-MASK, and the crowding test of H-G-COPIED.
  • Results on half C (t_layout_s007.py): 42 of 46 rules replicate; normalising 7 % of words removes 68 % of the line-position information (dropping the edge words removes more). Glyph entropy, word-order gain and the absence of repeated four-word phrases are unchanged under both treatments. Form-function coupling is already inside the language range on raw half C (0.086 against 0.095), so H-G-LAYOUT-ROBUST fails as registered; on the whole book it stays above every language (0.149 raw, 0.124 normalised, 0.113 interior). H-G-LAYOUT-MASK partly supported (coupling only). Crowding: -m 33 % in full lines against 28 % in short ones, z 2.6, below the bar: inconclusive.
  • Exploratory: on the normalised text the battery's topics follow Currier language and scribe less (NMI 0.53 to 0.43, 0.54 to 0.42 over five seeds) and section as much as before; every scribe uses the line-edge layer, B more than A. The homophonic solver on the normalised text: no key transfers (best gap 0.32 against 0.34 raw).
  • Q-001 had only the forgery answer; added "a fifteenth-century original" (T-09, H-TH-ORIGINAL) and scored both on the same eight findings.
  • Literature audit: two searches (history, object and pictures; text, methods and data) returned 266 items; after removing 52 already held, 214 were added to sources/manifest.yaml (cited_in: lit-audit:S-007), each with the questions it bears on. Every DOI and arXiv id was checked against Crossref or arXiv from here; 8 remain citation-only (verified: false). Four bad citations corrected: "Hodgins 2016" (now Hodgins 2009 letter report, Hodgins 2012 talk, Zyats et al. 2016), "Stomeo & Golob 2011" (does not exist), "Clemens 2016 manuscript description" (not a chapter), "Davis 2017" (now Zhang 2017 and Davis 2019). Book chapters 1, 2 and 17 now cite the real sources.
  • Question audit: eleven questions added (Q-007, Q-008, Q-016, Q-017, Q-018, Q-024, Q-034 to Q-037, Q-043) and thirteen next steps (N-011 to N-023), each naming the method and the data it needs. Data the audit could not find in open digital form: Latin herbal and balneological texts (Circa instans, Tractatus de herbis, De balneis Puteolanis), Lingua Ignota and Enochian lexicons, a Voynich glyph segmentation with ground truth, a labelled dataset of medieval plant drawings.
  • Site: theories that ACH ranks "strongly disfavoured" now show as disputed, not ruled out (a ranking from one rater is not a refutation).
  • Open: N-011 Naibbe cipher; N-012 ACH sensitivity; N-014 why the line-edge layer (CATMuS, ReF); a second rater.
Runs 12
RunMeasuredResultAgainstDecision
RUN-248Rules found and undone in Latin laid in the same lines, plain and with three planted line-edge rules (half C)plain Latin: 0 rules, 0.0 rewritten; planted: 8 rules covering all three plants, 75 % of planted words restored exactly, false rewrites 0.0001Line-position information planted 0.1127 / 0.0293 -> 0.0222 / 0.0054 bitsControl passed
RUN-249Minimal line-edge alternations kept on half E (share at the edge >= 3x inside, >= 15 stems, z >= 5)46 rules: paragraph start p-, t-, k-, f-; line start s-, y-, d-, t-, o-, p-; line end -m for -r, -l, -in, -iin, -n, -ir, -dy, -y; -g for -r, -l; -d for -r562 candidates screened · within-page shuffleExplored
RUN-250Half-E line-edge rules that replicate on half C (ratio >= 2, z >= 3)42 of 46Within-page shuffle per ruleSupported
RUN-251Share of the line-position information removed by the normaliser (half C)68 %Raw 0.1042 / 0.0589 · normalised 0.029 / 0.0224 · interior 0.0164 / 0.0059 · Latin in the same lines 0.003 / 0.002Supported
RUN-252Four departures from language under raw, normalised and interior versions of half Craw: h2 2.13, gain 0.31, coupling 0.086, 4-gram repeats 0; normalised: h2 2.08, gain 0.34, coupling 0.059, 4-gram repeats 0; interior: h2 2.04, gain 0.27, coupling 0.045, 4-gram repeats 0Languages at the same length: h2 min 2.51, gain min 1.11, coupling max 0.096 (interior 0.059) · Latin in the same lines 233 4-gram repeatsNot supported (coupling is inside the language range on raw half C already)
RUN-253Coupling falls by a third, or order gain rises by 0.10 bits, under each treatmentnormalised: coupling no, gain no; interior: coupling yes, gain noRaw coupling 0.086, raw gain 0.31Partly supported
RUN-254-m share among line-final alternants: fullest third of lines minus emptiest third (half C)0.332 vs 0.283 (z 2.6, 707 line ends)Within-page shuffle of fullnessNot supported at the registered bar (trend in the predicted direction)
RUN-255Form-function coupling by length and version (exploratory, not registered)all, raw 0.149 (languages max 0.09); all, normalised 0.124 (languages max 0.09); all, interior 0.113 (languages max 0.098); half E, raw 0.115 (languages max 0.098); half C, raw 0.086 (languages max 0.095)Twelve languages cut to the same lengthExploratory
RUN-256Inductive battery (13 methods) on half C: raw, normalised, interiortopics.nmi_section: 0.302 / 0.402 / 0.493; topics.nmi_lang: 0.587 / 0.548 / 0.466; stylometry.nmi_section: 0.327 / 0.556 / 0.615; seriation.axis1_vs_langB: 0.86 / 0.861 / 0.86; paradigms.dependence: 0.361 / 0.367 / 0.368; layout.mi_line_position_first: 0.1042 / 0.029 / 0.0164Latin / slot / shuffled in the same lines (out/battery_C*.csv)Exploratory
RUN-257Topic NMI with section / Currier language / scribe, half C, mean of five seedsraw 0.37 / 0.53 / 0.54; normalised 0.36 / 0.43 / 0.42Seed sd 0.04-0.08Exploratory
RUN-258Share of line-edge words rewritten, by Currier language and scribe (whole book)line start A 0.40, B 0.47; line end A 0.10, B 0.16; line end by scribe 1 0.10, 2 0.12, 3 0.20, 4 0.18, 5 0.15Exploratory
RUN-259Homophonic solver on the normalised text: held-out gap (own minus decoded, nats/char), five configurationsLatin.novowel slots spaces=True: 0.32 (raw 0.34); Latin slots spaces=True: 1.65 (raw 1.77); Italian slots spaces=True: 1.73 (raw 2.04); Latin slots spaces=False: 0.71 (raw 0.69); German slots spaces=True: 2.13 (raw 2.16)Planted-key control 0.02Not supported (no key transfers)
Answers proposed 4
Answers taken up again 3
Evidence found 8
Used: methods 4
Used: datasets 5

Cite it

Mysteries Department. (2026). Session 10: The layout layer; literature and question audit [Research session SES0DCB54T02Y53]. https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/voynich-manuscript/sessions/SES0DCB54T02Y53/session-10-the-layout-layer-literature-and-question-audit
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