Sources
Books, papers and archives the site's evidence rests on. Vote up the ones you find most useful; downvote what doesn't hold up as a source.
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How many glyphs and how many scribes? Digital paleography and the Voynich manuscript
Davis, 2020 · Manuscript Studies: A Journal of the Schoenberg Institute for Manuscript Studies · SRC08JHRPVG4Z28
articleCited by 10·Free at the source
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A possible generating algorithm of the Voynich manuscript
Timm and Schinner, 2020 · Cryptologia · SRC08JHZ3Y07R9B
articleCited by 9
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The Naibbe cipher: a substitution cipher that encrypts Latin and Italian as Voynich manuscript-like ciphertext
Greshko, 2025 · Cryptologia · SRC08JHZJJR0Z8T
articleCited by 9·Open access
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The linguistics of the Voynich manuscript
Bowern and Lindemann, 2021 · Annual Review of Linguistics · SRC08JHTHEG6MSY
articleCited by 9·Free at the source
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Keywords and co-occurrence patterns in the Voynich manuscript: an information-theoretic analysis
Montemurro and Zanette, 2013 · PLoS ONE · SRC08JHX9B03EPJ
articleCited by 8·Open access
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The Solution of the Zodiac Killer's 340-Character Cipher
Oranchak, Blake and Van Eycke, 2024 · SRC08JJ5ZN87Z8V
preprintCited by 8·Free at the source
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A Glyph Is Not a Letter, a Token Is Not a Word, a Space Is Not a Space
Rozanova and Temerev, 2026 · SRC08JJ6EA05YRN
preprintCited by 7·Free at the source
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Character entropy in modern and historical texts: comparison metrics for an undeciphered manuscript
Lindemann and Bowern, 2021 · SRC08JHV0383RBG
preprintCited by 7·Open access
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Gibberish after All? Voynichese Is Statistically Similar to Human-Produced Samples of Meaningless Text
Gaskell and Bowern, 2022 · Proceedings of the International Conference on the Voynich Manuscript 2022 (CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 3313) · SRC08JJ7T885G0C
articleCited by 7·Open access
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How the Voynich Manuscript Was Created
Timm, 2014 · SRC08JJ88X07VNB
preprintCited by 7·Free at the source
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What We Know About the Voynich Manuscript
Reddy and Knight, 2011 · Proceedings of the 5th ACL-HLT Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities · SRC08JJ5H0G4MG5
articleCited by 7·Open access
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A new Transliteration Alphabet brings new Evidence of Word Structure and Multiple "languages" in the Voynich Manuscript
Zattera, 2022 · Proceedings of the International Conference on the Voynich Manuscript 2022 (CEUR Workshop Proceedings 3313) · SRC0D8MTR8C6A9M
articleCited by 6·Open access
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An elegant hoax? A possible solution to the Voynich manuscript
Rugg, 2004 · Cryptologia · SRC08JHY6MG0DDD
articleCited by 6
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Cipher manuscript (Voynich manuscript). Beinecke MS 408
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, 2020 · SRC08JHM4C02P3W
manuscriptCited by 6·Open access
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Decoding anagrammed texts written in an unknown language and script
Hauer and Kondrak, 2016 · Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics · SRC08JJ017G5ZM5
articleCited by 6·Open access
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Demystifying the Scribes behind the Voynich Manuscript using Computational Linguistic Techniques
Farrugia, Layfield and van der Plas, 2022 · Proceedings of the International Conference on the Voynich Manuscript 2022 (CEUR Workshop Proceedings 3313) · SRC0D8MQVQE6D3K
articleCited by 6·Open access
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Rightward and Downward Grapheme Distributions in the Voynich Manuscript
Feaster, 2022 · Proceedings of the International Conference on the Voynich Manuscript 2022 (CEUR Workshop Proceedings 3313) · SRC0D8MQVZ82ECA
articleCited by 6·Open access
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The European Voynich Alphabet (EVA)
Landini and Zandbergen, 1998 · SRC08JHVER01MZY
webCited by 6·Free at the source
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A Generative Grammar Underlying the Voynich Manuscript, the Pastiche Hypothesis: Evidence from Large Language Models
Turenne, 2026 · arXiv · SRC0D8MTBSY0GB9
preprintCited by 5·Open access
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Deciphering Undersegmented Ancient Scripts Using Phonetic Prior
Luo et al., 2021 · Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics · SRC0D8MS0BA506A
articleCited by 5·Open access
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Enciphered after all? Word-level Text Metrics are Compatible with some Types of Encipherment
Bowern and Gaskell, 2022 · Proceedings of the International Conference on the Voynich Manuscript 2022 (CEUR Workshop Proceedings 3313) · SRC0D8MQ8P22Y9G
articleCited by 5·Read here
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Neural Decipherment via Minimum-Cost Flow: From Ugaritic to Linear B
Luo, Cao and Barzilay, 2019 · Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics · SRC0D8MS03G760C
articleCited by 5·Open access
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The Copiale Cipher
Knight, Megyesi and Schaefer, 2011 · Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: Comparable Corpora and the Web · SRC0D8MRHYC21DW
articleCited by 5·Open access
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Topic Modeling in the Voynich Manuscript
Sterneck, Polish and Bowern, 2021 · arXiv · SRC0D8MT30P5JDK
preprintCited by 5·Open access
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Adaptor Grammars: A Framework for Specifying Compositional Nonparametric Bayesian Models
Johnson, Griffiths and Goldwater, 2007 · Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 19 · SRC0D8MRCJG5DKV
articleCited by 4·Free at the source
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An Analysis of the Relationship between Words within the Voynich Manuscript
Caruana, Layfield and Abela, 2022 · Proceedings of the International Conference on the Voynich Manuscript 2022 (CEUR Workshop Proceedings 3313) · SRC0D8MQC3E01KN
articleCited by 4·Open access
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Deciphering Mary Stuart's Lost Letters from 1578–1584
Lasry, Biermann and Tomokiyo, 2023 · Cryptologia · SRC08JJCCQR5TWW
articleCited by 4·Open access
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Deciphering a Letter from the French Wars of Religion
Lasry, 2022 · International Conference on Historical Cryptology · SRC0D8MRQJ27YCK
articleCited by 4·Open access
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Entropic Evidence for Linguistic Structure in the Indus Script
Rao et al., 2009 · Science · SRC0D8MSPJ858B9
articleCited by 4
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Polygraphia III: The Cipher that Pretends to Be an Artificial Language
Hermes, 2022 · Proceedings of the International Conference on the Voynich Manuscript 2022 (CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 3313) · SRC08JJ7BKG0H6E
articleCited by 4·Open access
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Probing the statistical properties of unknown texts: application to the Voynich manuscript
Amancio et al., 2013 · PLoS ONE · SRC08JHXQZR1JG9
articleCited by 4·Read here
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Segmenting Numerical Substitution Ciphers
Aldarrab and May, 2022 · SRC08JJDRP052CH
articleCited by 4·Read here
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Singulion structure and the Voynich manuscript
Layfield and Davis, 2026 · Digital Medievalist · SRC08JHT2SR33NX
articleCited by 4·Open access
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Some important new statistical findings
Currier, 1976 · New Research on the Voynich Manuscript: Proceedings of a Seminar, 30 November 1976 · SRC08JHQAX84PKW
chapterCited by 4·Open access
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The Curse of the Voynich: The Secret History of the World's Most Mysterious Manuscript
Pelling, 2006 · Compelling Press · SRC08JJ0YH014AS
bookCited by 4
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The Voynich manuscript: evidence of the hoax hypothesis
Schinner, 2007 · Cryptologia · SRC08JHYN983ECB
articleCited by 4
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Unsupervised models for morpheme segmentation and morphology learning
Creutz and Lagus, 2007 · ACM Transactions on Speech and Language Processing · SRC0D8MQK6071T5
articleCited by 4
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voynich: code and data for Gibberish after all?
Gaskell, 2022 · GitHub · SRC0D8MQZME0ZXM
softwareCited by 4·Free at the source
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A Massive Machine-Learning Approach For Classical Cipher Type Detection Using Feature Engineering
Leierzopf et al., 2021 · International Conference on Historical Cryptology · SRC0D8MRVPW1TWP
articleCited by 3·Open access
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A Statistical Comparison of Written Language and Nonlinguistic Symbol Systems
Sproat, 2014 · Language · SRC0D8MT1SM3EB0
articleCited by 3·Free at the source
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Class-Based n-gram Models of Natural Language
Brown et al., 1992 · Computational Linguistics · SRC0D8MQ9DG1E1G
articleCited by 3·Read here
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Crux of the MATTR: Voynichese Morphological Complexity
Lindemann, 2022 · Proceedings of the International Conference on the Voynich Manuscript 2022 (CEUR Workshop Proceedings 3313) · SRC0D8MRYMM1QT9
articleCited by 3·Open access
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DECODE: database of historical ciphers and keys
DECRYPT project, n.d. · de-crypt.org · SRC0D8MQP3R4S3D
datasetCited by 3·Free at the source
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Directionality of the Voynich Script
Parisel, 2025 · arXiv · SRC0D8MSD9C36BV
preprintCited by 3·Open access
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Examining the history of Voynich Glyphs using Phylogenetic Methods
Painter and Bowern, 2022 · Proceedings of the International Conference on the Voynich Manuscript 2022 (CEUR Workshop Proceedings 3313) · SRC0D8MSD1J1S5W
articleCited by 3·Open access
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Fingerprinting Gibberish: A Quantitative Comparison of the Voynich and Sloane MS 3188
Boxer, 2022 · Proceedings of the International Conference on the Voynich Manuscript 2022 (CEUR Workshop Proceedings 3313) · SRC0D8MQ95P58T6
articleCited by 3·Read here
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Forensic investigations of the Voynich manuscript
Hodgins, 2016 · The Voynich Manuscript · SRC08JHNGA85CMW
chapterCited by 3
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Historical Language Models in Cryptanalysis: Case Studies on English and German
Megyesi et al., 2023 · Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings · SRC0D8MS40G7G4P
articleCited by 3·Open access
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Hoaxing Statistical Features of the Voynich Manuscript
Rugg and Taylor, 2017 · Cryptologia · SRC08JJ8QHR0A6R
articleCited by 3
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Multispectral Imaging of the Voynich Manuscript: The Lazarus Project Images
Davis, 2024 · SRC08JJ4KQ05SJQ
webCited by 3·Free at the source
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New paper: Fifteenth Century Cryptography Revisited
Pelling, 2017 · Cipher Mysteries · SRC0D8MSG7458A3
webCited by 3·Free at the source
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Optimal Detection of Changepoints With a Linear Computational Cost
Killick, Fearnhead and Eckley, 2012 · Journal of the American Statistical Association · SRC0D8MRFG84Q9M
articleCited by 3·Free at the source
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Regule ad extrahendum litteras zifferatas sine exemplo
Simonetta, 1474 · SRC08JJAJ4R2FW9
manuscriptCited by 3·Open access
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Seven Habits of Highly Eccentric Paragraphs
Stafford, 2022 · Proceedings of the International Conference on the Voynich Manuscript 2022 (CEUR Workshop Proceedings 3313) · SRC0D8MT2983BSQ
articleCited by 3·Open access
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Substitution Cipher Based on The Voynich Manuscript
Schneier, 2025 · Schneier on Security (blog) · SRC0D8MSX567NRN
webCited by 3·Free at the source
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Supporting Historical Cryptology: The Decrypt Pipeline
Héder et al., 2024 · University of Tartu · SRC0D8MR6YT5AKT
articleCited by 3·Free at the source
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