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Anomalous Orbital-Energy Changes Observed during Spacecraft Flybys of Earth
John D. Anderson, James K. Campbell, John E. Ekelund et al., 2008. Physical Review Letters 100(9), 091102.
Characterises anomalous energy changes in six Earth flybys (Galileo twice, NEAR, Cassini, Rosetta, MESSENGER) and fits an empirical formula proportional to the orbital energy and the difference of the cosines of the incoming and outgoing declinations, with a constant equal to twice Earth's equatorial rotation speed over the speed of light. Predicts an increase of under 1 mm/s for Rosetta's flyby of 13 November 2007.
What it's used for here
The standard summary of the anomaly and the formula every later study tests.
Our copy
Research copy, for editors and curators. The work is the publisher's, so readers are sent to it. We keep this copy so the citation can be checked if the page changes or goes.
doi.org · fetched 27 Oct 2026
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Cite it
Anderson, J. D., Campbell, J. K., Ekelund, J. E., Ellis, J., & Jordan, J. F. (2008). Anomalous Orbital-Energy Changes Observed during Spacecraft Flybys of Earth. Physical Review Letters 100(9), 091102. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.091102
@article{anderson2008anomalous,
author = {Anderson, John D. and Campbell, James K. and Ekelund, John E. and Ellis, Jordan and Jordan, James F.},
title = {Anomalous Orbital-Energy Changes Observed during Spacecraft Flybys of Earth},
journal = {Physical Review Letters 100(9), 091102},
year = {2008},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.091102},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.091102}
}TY - JOUR TI - Anomalous Orbital-Energy Changes Observed during Spacecraft Flybys of Earth AU - Anderson, John D. AU - Campbell, James K. AU - Ekelund, John E. AU - Ellis, Jordan AU - Jordan, James F. PY - 2008 JO - Physical Review Letters 100(9), 091102 DO - 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.091102 UR - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.091102 ER -
Anderson, John D. et al.. “Anomalous Orbital-Energy Changes Observed during Spacecraft Flybys of Earth.” Physical Review Letters 100(9), 091102 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.091102.