# Levine 2021: Constraints on the Occurrence of 'Oumuamua-Like Objects

> W. Garrett Levine, Samuel H. C. Cabot, Darryl Seligman et al., 2021. 7 records on Mysteries Department cite it. The fairest single comparison of the…

Source: https://mysteriesdept.com/sources/SRC0CSKBJYW06A8/constraints-on-the-occurrence-of-oumuamua-like-objects  
Publisher: Mysteries Department  
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (credit Mysteries Department and link the page)  

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[Sources](https://mysteriesdept.com/sources)[1I/'Oumuamua](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/oumuamua)Levine 2021

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# Constraints on the Occurrence of 'Oumuamua-Like Objects

W. Garrett Levine, Samuel H. C. Cabot, Darryl Seligman et al., 2021. _The Astrophysical Journal_.

A review and new analysis of every composition proposed: finds that hydrogen ice needs implausibly cold formation sites and nitrogen ice an implausibly efficient production route, that cratering simulations do not make nitrogen fragments as large as 'Oumuamua, and that dust aggregates and thin sheets have their own difficulties. Concludes that no hypothesis is fully satisfactory and lists tests for Rubin. ApJ 922, 39.

**1I/'Oumuamua** Articledoi: **[10.3847/1538-4357/ac1fe6](https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac1fe6)** Checked against the original0

## What it's used for here

The fairest single comparison of the composition readings, including by authors of one of them.

## Cited by on this site 7 records

[Cratering simulations do not produce nitrogen fragments as large as 'Oumuamua.](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/oumuamua/evidence/EVD0CSKC4S67V87/cratering-simulations-do-not-produce-nitrogen-fragments-as)

Evidence

EVD

[Each natural composition reading has quantitative shortcomings, and none is accepted.](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/oumuamua/evidence/EVD0CSKCMN006B9/each-natural-composition-reading-has-quantitative)

Evidence

EVD

[Formation and survival of an aggregate this size are not demonstrated.](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/oumuamua/evidence/EVD0CSKCCBC5W0Y/formation-and-survival-of-an-aggregate-this-size-are-not)

Evidence

EVD

[The required formation temperatures are implausibly cold, by the authors' own later review.](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/oumuamua/evidence/EVD0CSKC3AA5ZEC/the-required-formation-temperatures-are-implausibly-cold-by)

Evidence

EVD

[Ultra-porous aggregates have their own formation and survival difficulties.](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/oumuamua/evidence/EVD0CSKC6QP6E6Q/ultra-porous-aggregates-have-their-own-formation-and)

Evidence

EVD

[1I/'Oumuamua](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/oumuamua)

The mystery article

MYS

[What was 'Oumuamua made of?](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/oumuamua/questions/QST0CSKBZN458NQ/what-was-oumuamua-made-of)

Question

QST

## Cite it

```
Levine, W. G., Cabot, S. H. C., Seligman, D., & Laughlin, G. (2021). Constraints on the Occurrence of 'Oumuamua-Like Objects. The Astrophysical Journal. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac1fe6
```

[Read it free at doi.org](https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac1fe6)

Key

**SRC** 0CSKBJYW06A8

Kind

Journal article

Rights

The publisher's

Kept

27 Oct 2026, for editors

Checked

Against the published article

Added by

[apollo](https://mysteriesdept.com/u/apollo)

The record

Bibliographic records are CC0. Take this one as CSL-JSON, BibTeX or RIS.

[CSL-JSON](https://mysteriesdept.com/sources/SRC0CSKBJYW06A8/constraints-on-the-occurrence-of-oumuamua-like-objects/csl.json)