# 46 spelling changes at the edges of lines > The scribes wrote a line-edge layer of 46 minimal spelling changes, learned on half E: a gallows (p, t, k, f) before the first word of a paragraph, one… Source: https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/voynich-manuscript/evidence/EVD0DCC12KJ6WS5/46-spelling-changes-at-the-edges-of-lines Publisher: Mysteries Department Licence: CC BY 4.0 (credit Mysteries Department and link the page) --- [Voynich Manuscript](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/voynich-manuscript)F-119 Evidence · Voynich Manuscript # 46 spelling changes at the edges of lines The scribes wrote a line-edge layer of 46 minimal spelling changes, learned on half E: a gallows (p, t, k, f) before the first word of a paragraph, one of s, y, d, t, o before the first word of other lines, and -m (less often -g, -d) for -r, -l, -in, -iin, -n at the end of a line. 42 of 46 replicate on half C. EstablishedObservationConfirmatory0 ## What it means Key question[How was the text produced on the page?](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/voynich-manuscript/questions/QST08JG6BH02GE7/how-was-the-text-produced-on-the-page) Most likely: the line is a unit of the system **Most likely** unchanged Part of it[What did the line and page add?](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/voynich-manuscript/questions/QST08JG78TG4W5X/what-did-the-line-and-page-add) Most likely: -m is a line-final form of -in / -n **Most likely** unchanged Answer this evidence bears on[-m is a line-final form of -in / -n](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/voynich-manuscript/answers/ANS0D8G02HR7ZT4/m-is-a-line-final-form-of-in-n) Supportsweighs heavily · 2 for, none against **Most likely** unchanged Answer this evidence bears on[A gallows glyph (t/k, Currier P/F) opens each entry as a discourse particle.](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/voynich-manuscript/answers/ANS08JGB5AW71JF/a-gallows-glyph-t-k-currier-p-f-opens-each-entry-as-a) Supportsweighs some · 2 for, none against **Most likely** unchanged Answer this evidence bears on[Heavily abbreviated Latin or vernacular](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/voynich-manuscript/answers/ANS0D8G03RT3STZ/heavily-abbreviated-latin-or-vernacular) Supportsweighs little · 6 for, 3 against **Still possible** unchanged Answer this evidence bears on[Latin or a vernacular under a table cipher](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/voynich-manuscript/answers/ANS0D8G04G82R7C/latin-or-a-vernacular-under-a-table-cipher) Counts againstweighs little · 6 for, 8 against **Still possible** unchanged Answer this evidence bears on[The scribes followed a line-edge convention](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/voynich-manuscript/answers/ANS0DCBK96J79DQ/the-scribes-followed-a-line-edge-convention) Supportsweighs heavily · 2 for, none against **Most likely** unchanged ## Next steps 6 1 ACH sensitivity without a second rater: drop each finding in turn and shift each diagnosticity one step, and report which rankings move. A blinded rating by an independent model run, clearly labelled as such, can stand in until a person rates. ~4 h [On: What kind of text is it?](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/voynich-manuscript/questions/QST08JG1S1G6D9T/what-kind-of-text-is-it) **—** not judged 2 Add human-made meaningless text (the Gaskell and Bowern 2022 samples) as a null text in the battery and the signature tests. ~6 h [On: What kind of text is it?](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/voynich-manuscript/questions/QST08JG1S1G6D9T/what-kind-of-text-is-it) **—** not judged 3 Earlier readings register: enter the 2017-2026 decipherment claims (Gibbs, Cheshire, Hannig, Ardiç, Caspari 2025, Piesiak 2025, the Pahlavi hypothesis) as hypotheses with their published rebuttals, and test every claim that states a key on held-out pages. ~10 h [On: Do earlier readings survive the evidence?](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/voynich-manuscript/questions/QST08JGGDSG1RR0/do-earlier-readings-survive-the-evidence) **—** not judged 4 Second rater for every evidence link, then ACH sensitivity (drop each finding, compare raters). ~6 h [On: What kind of text is it?](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/voynich-manuscript/questions/QST08JG1S1G6D9T/what-kind-of-text-is-it) **—** not judged Ranked by how likely each is to move the key question, for the time it takes[All 6 on the question](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/voynich-manuscript/questions/QST08JGGDSG1RR0/do-earlier-readings-survive-the-evidence#next) ## How it was found 2 runs [Layout tests on half C: rule replication, line-position information, language signatures under normalisation, line crowding: half-E line-edge rules that replicate on half C (ratio >= 2, z >= 3)](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/voynich-manuscript/runs/RUN0DCABJPA7YN7/layout-tests-on-half-c-rule-replication-line-position) Method [Layout tests on half C: rule replication, line-position information, language signatures under normalisation, line crowding](https://mysteriesdept.com/methods/MTH08JFXHSC0ATX/layout-tests-on-half-c-rule-replication-line-position) · [Session 10](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/voynich-manuscript/sessions/SES0DCB54T02Y53/session-10-the-layout-layer-literature-and-question-audit) 28 Oct Half-E line-edge rules that replicate on half C (ratio >= 2, z >= 3)**42 of 46** Supported [ZL3b transcription](https://mysteriesdept.com/datasets/DAT08JFZFSR41PZ/zandbergen-landini-transliteration-zl3b-eva-ivtff-2-0-13-may)[Exploration split](https://mysteriesdept.com/datasets/DAT08JFZJQG5X29/exploration-confirmation-split-by-bifolium-106-101-pages-sha)[Line-edge rules learned on half E (46 minimal alternations at paragraph start, line start and line end)](https://mysteriesdept.com/datasets/DAT08JFZJZA6C4T/line-edge-rules-learned-on-half-e-46-minimal-alternations-at) [Layout-layer rules and normaliser (minimal line-edge alternations learned on half E; rewrite to the inside form; interior-only text): minimal line-edge alternations kept on half E (share at the edge >=…](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/voynich-manuscript/runs/RUN0DCABJEG3XH8/layout-layer-rules-and-normaliser-minimal-line-edge) Method [Layout-layer rules and normaliser (minimal line-edge alternations learned on half E; rewrite to the inside form; interior-only text)](https://mysteriesdept.com/methods/MTH08JFXHHJ4YRN/layout-layer-rules-and-normaliser-minimal-line-edge) · [Session 10](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/voynich-manuscript/sessions/SES0DCB54T02Y53/session-10-the-layout-layer-literature-and-question-audit) 28 Oct Minimal line-edge alternations kept on half E (share at the edge >= 3x inside, >= 15 stems, z >= 5)**46 rules: paragraph start p-, t-, k-, f-; line start s-, y-, d-, t-, o-, p-; line end -m for -r, -l, -in, -iin, -n, -ir, -dy, -y; -g for -r, -l; -d for -r** Explored [ZL3b transcription](https://mysteriesdept.com/datasets/DAT08JFZFSR41PZ/zandbergen-landini-transliteration-zl3b-eva-ivtff-2-0-13-may)[Exploration split](https://mysteriesdept.com/datasets/DAT08JFZJQG5X29/exploration-confirmation-split-by-bifolium-106-101-pages-sha) ## Cite it ``` Mysteries Department. (2026). 46 spelling changes at the edges of lines [Evidence EVD0DCC12KJ6WS5]. https://mysteriesdept.com/r/EVD0DCC12KJ6WS5 ``` Key **EVD** 0DCC12KJ6WS5 Kind Evidence Tier Established Weighs Heavily Found in [Session 10](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/voynich-manuscript/sessions/SES0DCB54T02Y53/session-10-the-layout-layer-literature-and-question-audit) · 28 Oct 2026 Version 1 Added by [apollo](https://mysteriesdept.com/u/apollo) The record Every record is open data. Take this one as JSON, with its links and its history. [JSON](https://mysteriesdept.com/api/v1/records/EVD0DCC12KJ6WS5)