# Meroitic > Meroitic is the language and script of the kingdom of Kush, centred on Meroe in Sudan, written from about the 3rd century BC to the 5th century AD in… Source: https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic Publisher: Mysteries Department Licence: CC BY 4.0 (credit Mysteries Department and link the page) Updated: 2026-10-27T17:47:47+00:00 --- **MYS** 0CVTZV8A6H3M·Mystery · script # Meroitic **0** [Follow][Ask a question](https://mysteriesdept.com/questions/key-questions?mystery=meroitic) Meroitic ![Photograph: Meroitic](https://mysteriesdept.com/media/folio/meroitic-lead) Unknown author · Public domain Where Kingdom of Kush, Nile valley of Sudan and Lower Nubia; capital Meroe⁠[[1]] Date 3rd century BC to 5th century AD; last dated text REM 0094, AD 410 to 450⁠[[2]] Corpus About 2,000 inscriptions; over 1,100 catalogued in the REM (REM 0001 to 1278)⁠[[3]] Script 23 signs plus a word divider; cursive (about 90 per cent of texts) and hieroglyphic forms⁠[[2]] Decipherment Sign values by F. Ll. Griffith, 1909 to 1911⁠[[5]] Language Northern East Sudanic (Nilo-Saharan) on Rilly's analysis; Afroasiatic proposed by Rowan⁠[[1]] Unicode Meroitic Hieroglyphs and Meroitic Cursive, Unicode 6.1 (2012)⁠[[16]] Open corpus Otten and Anastasopoulos 2025 (871 texts and phrases, GitHub); REM as page images on Persée⁠[[14]] Status Partly explained Questions 2 of 4 answered People [**Claude Rilly** Linguist (CNRS); Northern East Sudanic identification](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/people/FIG0CVTZX6T2ET9/claude-rilly)[**Francis Llewellyn Griffith** Egyptologist; deciphered the Meroitic script](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/people/FIG0CVTZWZ013DG/francis-llewellyn-griffith)[**Amanirenas** Kandake (queen) of Kush, late 1st century BC; named on the Hamadab stela](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/people/FIG0CVTZXY81PNB/amanirenas)[**Jean Leclant** Egyptologist; directed the REM](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/people/FIG0CVTZXEM7D2S/jean-leclant)[**Kirsty Rowan** Linguist (SOAS); Afroasiatic hypothesis](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/people/FIG0CVTZXPE507C/kirsty-rowan) Catalog key**MYS** 0CVTZV8A6H3M Meroitic was the language of the kingdom of Kush in the Nile valley of Sudan, the state that ruled Egypt as its 25th Dynasty and later had its capital at Meroe. From about the 3rd century BC the Kushites wrote their own language in two scripts derived from Egyptian: a hieroglyphic form for monuments and a cursive for everything else, which makes up about 90 per cent of the texts⁠[[1]]⁠[[2]]. About 2,000 inscriptions survive, on stelae, offering tables, temple walls, ostraca and a few papyri; the last dated text is from the 5th century AD⁠[[3]]⁠[[2]]. The script was deciphered a century ago. Lepsius had brought to Berlin a bark stand from the temple at Wad ban Naga on which a king and queen wrote their names in Egyptian and in Meroitic hieroglyphs; Griffith used it in 1909, worked out that the Meroitic hieroglyphs face the opposite way to Egyptian ones, matched them to the cursive, and in 1911 published over a hundred funerary texts from Karanog and Shablul with the sign values that are still used⁠[[4]]⁠[[5]]⁠[[1]]. Every Meroitic text can therefore be transliterated. What cannot be done is to translate most of it. Griffith could understand only names of people and gods, titles and places, and progress since has been slow: the epitaphs, which are formulaic, are now understood in structure, and a few dozen words and grammatical elements are known, but the long royal inscriptions remain mostly opaque⁠[[1]]⁠[[6]]. The question has become linguistic, not epigraphic. Rilly's identification of Meroitic as a member of the Northern East Sudanic family, alongside Nubian, Nara, Taman and Nyima, offers a way to recover vocabulary and grammar by comparison⁠[[7]]⁠[[8]]⁠[[3]]. Of the 4 questions on this site, 2 are answered. The most likely answer to “What language family does Meroitic belong to?”, not yet confirmed: meroitic is a Northern East Sudanic language (Nilo-Saharan), related to Nubian, Nara, Taman and Nyima. ### Key questionsset by the editors [**How much of Meroitic can be translated?** ](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/questions/QST0CVV00CC73S4/how-much-of-meroitic-can-be-translated)Answered: funerary formulae, names, titles, places and a few dozen words are understood; long royal and narrative texts… [**What language family does Meroitic belong to?** ](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/questions/QST0CVV004J766H/what-language-family-does-meroitic-belong-to)Most likely: meroitic is a Northern East Sudanic language (Nilo-Saharan), related to Nubian, Nara, Taman and Nyima [All 4 questions ](https://mysteriesdept.com/questions/key-questions?mystery=meroitic) ## The object The corpus is about 2,000 inscriptions from the 3rd century BC to the 5th century AD, from Meroe and the other royal sites of the Middle Nile to the cemeteries of Lower Nubia⁠[[3]]. Most are funerary: stelae and offering tables naming the dead, their parents and their offices. The longest are royal texts on stelae, such as the Hamadab stela of Queen Amanirenas and Prince Akinidad, now in the British Museum, and the stela of King Tanyidamani in Boston⁠[[9]]⁠[[10]]⁠[[2]]. [![The Hamadab stela (Amanirenas and Akinidad)](https://mysteriesdept.com/media/folio/meroitic-a-hamadab-m1)](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/artifacts/ART0CVV07PR2XW7/the-hamadab-stela-amanirenas-and-akinidad) The Hamadab stela (Amanirenas and Akinidad)Jononmac46, 1914. CC BY-SA 3.0[Artifact ](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/artifacts/ART0CVV07PR2XW7/the-hamadab-stela-amanirenas-and-akinidad) The standard corpus is the Répertoire d'épigraphie méroïtique (REM), three volumes published by the Académie des Inscriptions in 2000 under Jean Leclant, numbering the texts REM 0001 to REM 1278; it is digitised on Persée as page images⁠[[11]]. Later finds were reported in the Meroitic Newsletter, whose 30 issues are free online⁠[[12]]. A DFG project of 2017 to 2022 compiled an analytic dictionary of about 23,000 entries from about 2,000 documents, including unpublished ones; it is announced as a book and is not public⁠[[13]]. The only machine-readable corpus is the one released with Otten and Anastasopoulos's 2025 paper: 871 transcribed texts and phrases drawn from published vocabularies and grammars, plus three long royal texts, on GitHub with no stated licence⁠[[14]]⁠[[15]]. Both scripts have been in Unicode since version 6.1 in 2012: Meroitic Hieroglyphs at U+10980 to U+1099F and Meroitic Cursive at U+109A0 to U+109FF⁠[[2]]⁠[[16]]. **Map of the region** [Open the full map](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/map) [Region][Continent] [+][−] 1 **Meroe** Ancient city Within 1 km 2 **Hamadab** Archaeological site Within 1 km 3 **Wad ban Naga** Archaeological site Within 1 km 4 **Jebel Barkal** Sacred mountain and temple site Within 1 km Within 1 kmNatural Earth ### Timeline **Timeline** Squeezed where little happened. Each mark is a published claim, by how it stands:AcceptedMost likelyStill possibleDisputedRuled out ## What is known The writing system is understood. It has 23 signs plus a divider of two or three dots: four vowel signs, fifteen consonants that carry an inherent a, and four syllabic signs, ne, se, te and to; the sign e may mark a schwa or no vowel⁠[[2]]⁠[[1]]. Phonology has been reconstructed from Egyptian and Greek spellings of Meroitic words and the reverse⁠[[3]]. The language is partly understood. Nominal and non-verbal syntax are well described, and the funerary formulae can be parsed into invocation, names, filiation, titles and benediction⁠[[3]]⁠[[1]]⁠[[17]]⁠[[18]]. A short list of words is secure, among them qore "king", k(a)(n)di "woman", ato "water", at(a) "bread", mak(a) "god" and mas(a) "sun"; verb morphology is still at an early stage⁠[[6]]⁠[[3]]. No bilingual long enough to serve as a key exists⁠[[14]]. ## What has been tested Griffith's sign values have been tested by a century of use. They give consistent spellings of the same names across hieroglyphic and cursive texts and match Egyptian and Greek renderings of Kushite royal names, and they have not been revised beyond refinements such as the syllabic reading of ne, se, te and to⁠[[5]]⁠[[1]]⁠[[2]]. [![First page of Funerary stelae and offering tables from Karanog and Shablul](https://mysteriesdept.com/files/v/bbad1e8881c264ac1a004ae3151a0a4ec78e38e97d5d12d2ea9c5d411cf3dd55/p1)260 pages](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/artifacts/ART0CVV08P03KEM/funerary-stelae-and-offering-tables-from-karanog-and-shablul) Funerary stelae and offering tables from Karanog and ShablulF. Ll. Griffith, 1911. Public domain[Artifact ](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/artifacts/ART0CVV08P03KEM/funerary-stelae-and-offering-tables-from-karanog-and-shablul) The language identification has been tested by comparison. Rilly reconstructed Proto-Northern East Sudanic from its living descendants and argued that Meroitic matches it in basic vocabulary, word order (verb-final, postpositions, genitive before noun) and morphology⁠[[8]]⁠[[6]]. Rowan argued that the sound system and syllable structure look Afroasiatic instead, and Lipiński has supported an Afroasiatic link on vocabulary⁠[[19]]⁠[[6]]. Computational work is recent and small. Smith used information-theoretic word similarity in 2008 to extend partial meanings, and Otten and Anastasopoulos in 2025 trained word embeddings on their corpus and attempted alignment with Late Egyptian; the embeddings captured some semantic structure, but the alignment could not induce a lexicon it had not seen, which the authors put down to the lack of machine-readable data⁠[[20]]⁠[[14]]. ## The readings No one disputes how the signs are read. The positions concern the language. The working consensus is Rilly's: Meroitic is a Northern East Sudanic language of the Nilo-Saharan phylum, and its vocabulary and grammar can be recovered by comparison with Nubian and its relatives⁠[[7]]⁠[[8]]⁠[[1]]. The minority view places it in Afroasiatic on phonological grounds⁠[[19]]. A third view, older, holds the language to be an isolate whose affiliation cannot be shown from the material available⁠[[6]]. ### Published claims **Published claims and their status** | Year | Who | Claimed | Status | Reason | |---|---|---|---|---| | 1909 | Francis Llewellyn Griffith⁠[4] | The sound values of the Meroitic signs can be read off royal names written in both Egyptian and Meroitic hieroglyphs, as on the Wad ban Naga bark stand. | Accepted | His values have been used for a century, refined only for the syllabic signs and the e sign⁠[2]⁠[1]. | | 1911 | Francis Llewellyn Griffith⁠[5] | Meroitic funerary inscriptions follow a fixed formula: an invocation, the names of the dead and their parents, their titles and a set of benedictions. | Accepted | The formula is the best-understood part of the language and the base of all later work⁠[1]. | | 1966 | Bruce G. Trigger⁠[21] | Meroitic may belong to the Eastern Sudanic group, and was replaced on the middle Nile by Nubian between about AD 200 and 500. | Accepted | Rilly's comparative work placed Meroitic in Northern East Sudanic, with Nubian, and that is now the working consensus⁠[8]⁠[3]. | | 2006 | Kirsty Rowan⁠[19] | Meroitic's sound inventory and phonotactics resemble Afroasiatic languages more than Nilo-Saharan ones, so it may be Afroasiatic. | Disputed | The grammar (verb-final order, postpositions, genitive before noun) matches Northern East Sudanic, and the field follows Rilly's classification⁠[6]⁠[3]. | | 2007 | Claude Rilly⁠[7] | Meroitic is a Northern East Sudanic language of the Nilo-Saharan phylum, related to Nubian, Nara, Taman and Nyima. | Accepted | Backed by comparison with a reconstructed Proto-Northern East Sudanic⁠[8] and used as the basis for current work on the syntax⁠[3]. | | 2008 | Reginald D. Smith⁠[20] | Statistical measures of word similarity can pair related Meroitic words and extend known meanings to unknown ones. | Still possible | Proposed as an aid, not tested against new bilingual evidence; later computational work found only partial structure⁠[14]. | | 2012 | Claude Rilly and Alex de Voogt⁠[1] | Funerary formulae, names, titles, places and a few dozen words can be translated; the long royal and narrative texts cannot. | Accepted | Still the state of the field in 2024, when nominal syntax was well understood and verbal morphology in its infancy⁠[3]. | | 2025 | Joshua Otten and Antonios Anastasopoulos⁠[14] | Word embeddings trained on a machine-readable Meroitic corpus capture some semantic structure, but aligning the lexicon with Late Egyptian does not work. | Still possible | A first baseline on 871 texts; the full REM corpus is not yet machine-readable⁠[14]. | ## What would settle it A substantial bilingual, Meroitic with Egyptian or Greek, would allow translation directly. Short of that, progress depends on data: a machine-readable REM with every text transliterated, joined to the analytic dictionary, would let cognate-matching against reconstructed Northern East Sudanic and Old Nubian be run systematically and tested against Afroasiatic and random-language controls⁠[[11]]⁠[[13]]⁠[[14]]. A correct identification should predict the meaning of words in the royal texts that are later confirmed by context⁠[[1]]. ## Questions 2 of 4 questions are answered. **Key questions** [All 4](https://mysteriesdept.com/questions/key-questions?mystery=meroitic) **0** [How much of Meroitic can be translated?](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/questions/QST0CVV00CC73S4/how-much-of-meroitic-can-be-translated) 1 of 1 sub-questions answered·0 Answered: Funerary formulae, names, titles, places and a few dozen words are understood; long royal and narrative texts… **0** [What language family does Meroitic belong to?](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/questions/QST0CVV004J766H/what-language-family-does-meroitic-belong-to) 0 of 1 sub-questions answered·0 Most likely: meroitic is a Northern East Sudanic language (Nilo-Saharan), related to Nubian, Nara, Taman and Nyima ## Evidence 10 findings [What language family does Meroitic belong to?](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/questions/QST0CVV004J766H/what-language-family-does-meroitic-belong-to)5 findings [Meroitic is a Northern East Sudanic language (Nilo-Saharan), related to Nubian, Nara, Taman and Nyima.](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/answers/ANS0CVV013T3J3H/meroitic-is-a-northern-east-sudanic-language-nilo-saharan)Most likely +[Word order and morphology (verb-final, postpositions, genitive before noun) match the family.](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/evidence/EVD0CVV01BM2Z26/word-order-and-morphology-verb-final-postpositions-genitive)Supported +[Comparison with a reconstructed Proto-Northern East Sudanic yields lexical and morphological matches.](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/evidence/EVD0CVV01KE6WDZ/comparison-with-a-reconstructed-proto-northern-east-sudanic)Supported +[Rilly's identification is the basis of the current understanding of syntax and is used by the field.](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/evidence/EVD0CVV01V80V2G/rillys-identification-is-the-basis-of-the-current)Supported [Meroitic is an Afroasiatic language.](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/answers/ANS0CVV023248CR/meroitic-is-an-afroasiatic-language)Disputed +[The sound inventory and phonotactics resemble Afroasiatic and differ from Nilo-Saharan.](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/evidence/EVD0CVV02AW7R9V/the-sound-inventory-and-phonotactics-resemble-afroasiatic)Suggestive +[Lipiński supports an Afroasiatic link mainly on vocabulary.](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/evidence/EVD0CVV02JP5011/lipinski-supports-an-afroasiatic-link-mainly-on-vocabulary)Speculative [How much of Meroitic can be translated?](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/questions/QST0CVV00CC73S4/how-much-of-meroitic-can-be-translated)2 findings [Funerary formulae, names, titles, places and a few dozen words are understood; long royal and narrative texts…](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/answers/ANS0CVV03A426N5/funerary-formulae-names-titles-places-and-a-few-dozen-words)Most likely +[Griffith's understood vocabulary was limited to names of people and gods, titles and places; later progress was slow.](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/evidence/EVD0CVV03HY09PX/griffiths-understood-vocabulary-was-limited-to-names-of)Established +[Nominal syntax is well understood; verbal morphology is in its infancy.](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/evidence/EVD0CVV03SR1WAP/nominal-syntax-is-well-understood-verbal-morphology-is-in)Established [Are Griffith's sign values correct?](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/questions/QST0CVV00M647FT/are-griffiths-sign-values-correct)2 findings [The values are correct, with refinements to the syllabic signs and the e sign.](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/answers/ANS0CVV04H609X4/the-values-are-correct-with-refinements-to-the-syllabic)Most likely +[The bark stand from Wad ban Naga gives the same royal names in Egyptian and Meroitic hieroglyphs.](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/evidence/EVD0CVV04S01TDQ/the-bark-stand-from-wad-ban-naga-gives-the-same-royal-names)Established +[The values have been used without serious revision for a century, refined by the syllabic reading of ne, se, te and to.](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/evidence/EVD0CVV050T36WX/the-values-have-been-used-without-serious-revision-for-a)Established [Can computational methods extend the Meroitic lexicon?](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/questions/QST0CVV00W036KC/can-computational-methods-extend-the-meroitic-lexicon)1 finding [With a machine-readable REM, distributional and cross-lingual methods will propose testable meanings.](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/answers/ANS0CVV05GE1APR/with-a-machine-readable-rem-distributional-and-cross-lingual)Still possible +[On 871 texts, embeddings captured some semantic structure; cross-lingual lexicon induction with Late Egyptian failed.](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/evidence/EVD0CVV05R84N1Q/on-871-texts-embeddings-captured-some-semantic-structure)Suggestive ## Artifacts The films, photos, papers and objects this mystery rests on, each with its own key and its distance from the original. **Artifacts** [See all 15](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/artifacts) Photo1 step from object [Bark stand from Wad ban Naga with royal names in Egyptian and Meroitic hieroglyphs](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/artifacts/ART0CVV077476MT/bark-stand-from-wad-ban-naga-with-royal-names-in-egyptian) Sven-Steffen Arndt · CC BY-SA 2.0 Photo1 step from object [The Hamadab stela (Amanirenas and Akinidad)](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/artifacts/ART0CVV07PR2XW7/the-hamadab-stela-amanirenas-and-akinidad) Jononmac46 · CC BY-SA 3.0 Photo1 step from object [Stela of King Tanyidamani](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/artifacts/ART0CVV08E607M0/stela-of-king-tanyidamani) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston · MFA terms Photo2 steps from object [Funerary stelae and offering tables from Karanog and Shablul](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/artifacts/ART0CVV08P03KEM/funerary-stelae-and-offering-tables-from-karanog-and-shablul) F. Ll. Griffith · Public domain (published 1911) [See all 15 artifacts](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/meroitic/artifacts) ## See also [ **Iberian language and Palaeohispanic scripts** About 2,300 pre-Roman inscriptions from Spain and France that cannot be translated. ](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/iberian-language) [ **Linear A** The script of Minoan Crete, 1800 to 1450 BC, whose signs can be sounded but not read. ](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/linear-a) [ **Dhofari script** Short painted texts from caves in Dhofar, Oman, in a script deciphered in 2025. ](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/dhofari-script) [ **Proto-Elamite and Linear Elamite** Two scripts of south-western Iran, 3100 to 1880 BC, one claimed deciphered in 2022. ](https://mysteriesdept.com/mysteries/proto-elamite) ## References 1. 1.[Rilly, C., de Voogt, A. 2012. The Meroitic Language and Writing System. Cambridge University Press.](https://mysteriesdept.com/sources/SRC0CVTZPKW7BQ6/the-meroitic-language-and-writing-system)[doi](https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511920028)cited 6 times here**SRC** 0CVTZPKW7BQ6 1. 2.[Wikipedia contributors n.d.. Meroitic script. Wikipedia.](https://mysteriesdept.com/sources/SRC0CVTZT184JZZ/meroitic-script)cited 5 times here**SRC** 0CVTZT184JZZ 1. 3.[University of Chicago, L. 2024. Claude Rilly: Meroitic Phonology, Syntax, and Linguistic Family. voices.uchicago.edu.](https://mysteriesdept.com/sources/SRC0CVTZQTY2XRD/claude-rilly-meroitic-phonology-syntax-and-linguistic-family)cited 5 times here**SRC** 0CVTZQTY2XRD 1. 4.[Griffith, F. 1909. Meroitic Inscriptions (Chapter IX of Randall-MacIver and Woolley, Areika). D. Randall-MacIver and C. L. Woolley, Areika. Eckley B. Coxe Junior Expedition to Nubia, vol. 1. Oxford.](https://mysteriesdept.com/sources/SRC0CVTZP4821DT/meroitic-inscriptions-chapter-ix-of-randall-maciver-and)cited 6 times here**SRC** 0CVTZP4821DT 1. 5.[Griffith, F. 1911. Karanòg: The Meroitic Inscriptions of Shablûl and Karanòg. Eckley B. Coxe Junior Expedition to Nubia, vol. 6. University Museum, Philadelphia.](https://mysteriesdept.com/sources/SRC0CVTZPC27N4F/karanog-the-meroitic-inscriptions-of-shablul-and-karanog)cited 7 times here**SRC** 0CVTZPC27N4F 1. 6.[Wikipedia contributors n.d.. Meroitic language. Wikipedia.](https://mysteriesdept.com/sources/SRC0CVTZT9272TR/meroitic-language)cited 4 times here**SRC** 0CVTZT9272TR 1. 7.[Rilly, C. 2007. La langue du royaume de Méroé: un panorama de la plus ancienne culture écrite d'Afrique subsaharienne. Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études, Sciences historiques et philologiques. Honoré Champion, Paris.](https://mysteriesdept.com/sources/SRC0CVTZPVP3K14/la-langue-du-royaume-de-meroe-un-panorama-de-la-plus)cited 3 times here**SRC** 0CVTZPVP3K14 1. 8.[Rilly, C. 2010. Le méroïtique et sa famille linguistique. Afrique et Langage 14. Peeters, Louvain.](https://mysteriesdept.com/sources/SRC0CVTZQ3G78Y5/le-meroitique-et-sa-famille-linguistique)cited 2 times here**SRC** 0CVTZQ3G78Y5 1. 9.[British Museum n.d.. Stela EA1650 (the Hamadab stela). britishmuseum.org collection online.](https://mysteriesdept.com/sources/SRC0CVTZTGW6BKE/stela-ea1650-the-hamadab-stela)cited 6 times here**SRC** 0CVTZTGW6BKE 1. 10.[Museum of Fine Arts, B. n.d.. Stele of King Tanyidamani. collections.mfa.org.](https://mysteriesdept.com/sources/SRC0CVTZTRP1Z7S/stele-of-king-tanyidamani)cited 3 times here**SRC** 0CVTZTRP1Z7S 1. 11.[Leclant, J. 2000. Répertoire d'épigraphie méroïtique (REM), Tomes I to III. 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